Khairuddin and Mahdi Handayani Sidik 2025. Two Paths, One Purpose? A Comparative Historical Study of Islamic Higher Education Development in Indonesia and Turkey. Cendekiawan : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Studi Keislaman. 4, 1 (Mar. 2025), 659–672. DOI:https://doi.org/10.61253/cendekiawan.v4i1.326.